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In this paper, the reasons for cracking in the longitudinal and spiral of Q125 casing in ultra-deep wells (UDWs) at the Tarim Oilfield were investigated for the first time ever. Up to know an evaluation of Q125 casing materials of UDWs were were limited to comparisons with WSP-2T and P110 via performance tests. In addition, an applicability evaluation of UDWs was carried out using MPC software and theoretical calculations. The results show that mechanical damage and stress corrosion cracking are the principal causes for longitudinal cracking. Spiral cracking can be the result of the manufacturing process. It should be added that the material out of which Q125 casing is produced manifests high strength, low toughness and great sensitivity to cracks, stress corrosion and low allowable limit crack size (ALCS) when compared with WSP-2T and P110. Owing to the complicated field environment of UDWs at the Tarim Oilfield, the causes of cracking failure have been analyzed, with the result that WSP-2T casing of a similar strength to Q125 casing ought to be selected in UDWs rather than Q125 casing with high strength and low toughness, which is significant for the development of UDWs at the Tarim Oilfield.
Die Gründe für den Riss in Längs- und Spiralrichtung einer Auskleidung aus Q125 für ultra-tiefe Bohrschächte (ultra-deep wells (UDWs)) im Tarim Ölfeld wurden für den vorliegenden Beitrag zum ersten Mal untersucht. Inzwischen wurden die UDW-Werkstoffe des Typs Q125 aufgrund entsprechender Tests mit den Werkstoffen WSP-2T und P110 verglichen. Darüber hinaus wurde die Anwendbarkeit für UDWs mittels der Software MPC evaluiert und es wurden zudem theoretische Berechnungen angestellt. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass mechanische Beschädigung und Risskorrosion die eigentlichen Ursachen für Längsrisse waren. Die spiralförmige Rissbildung kann durch den Herstellungsprozess verursacht worden sein. Außerdem hat der Auskleidungswerkstoff Q125 im Vergleich zu den Werkstoffen WSP-2T und P110 eine hohe Festigkeit, eine geringe Zähigkeit und eine hohe Empfindlichkeit für eine Rissbildung und eine entsprechende Risskorrosion sowie eine niedrige erlaubte Rissgröße (allowable limit crack size (ALCS)). In Bezug auf die aggressiven Umgebungen für UDWs im Tarim Ölfeld wurden die Gründe für das Versagen durch Rissbildung analysiert, wobei sich zeigte, dass der Werkstoff WSP-2T mit einer vergleichbaren Festigkeit eher für die Auskleidungen ausgewählt werden sollten als der Werkstoff Q125 mit hoher Festigkeit und geringer Zähigkeit, was letztlich als signifikant für die Entwicklung der UDWs im Tarim Ölfeld anzusehen ist.
In Brazilian test, applied diametrical compression stress induces indirect tensile stresses normal to the vertical plane crossing through the rock disc and the ultimate failure occurs at the place where the maximum tensile stress is concentrated. The mechanical behaviour of rock with pre-existing cracks under static loading has been studied widely. In this study, the fracturing behaviour of Brisbane Tuff, under static and cyclic loading has been analysed applying an ISRM standard Cracked Chevron Notched Brazilian Disc (CCNBD) geometry. Specifically, X-ray Computed Tomography (CT) techniques have been used to investigate the fracturing behaviour of rocks under static and cyclic loading. The fracturing behaviour of rocks technically depends on the nature of loading, strength of mineral and text of rocks. Laboratory observations demonstrated that there is a distinct difference in fracturing between the static and cyclic loading. It was found that the cyclic loading had an important effect on microfracture propagation through the Fracture Propagation Zone (FPZ).p>
Rock cutting is a common rock breakage, or excavation mechanism in tunneling, mining, well drilling and road construction projects. Understanding of rock brittle failure and propagation of cracks under the applied cutting loads is significant for rock engineers to investigate cuttability, crushing effect and production efficiency in rock fragmentation process. A considerable amount of literature has been published in rock fracture modeling, however, large amounts of the research have been published based on the experimental and mathematical models developed based on the elastic fracture mechanics. The first prediction model was established based on the maximum tensile stress theory by Evans [1]. Later, Roxborough and Philips [2] modified Evans model for various rocks and found correlation between the rolling forces, disc diameter, edge angle and penetration rate. According to the experimental studying, brittleness index was established as a function of uniaxial compressive and tensile stress [3]. Alehossien and Hood [4] proposed a linearized dimensional model to predict rock cutting forces based on the linear model. Non-linear and multi-linear predictive model were suggested by Tiryaki [5]. Amongst the different models of cutter tools, drag picks are more efficient as they attack rock in the tension mode and undercut by the lower magnitudes of forces compared to the shearer or compressive cutters. Rock cutting and fragmentation is essential for rock breakage process and forming different sizes of fragments, chips and particles during the rock excavation. As most rocks are weaker under tensile loading, applying tensile stress for rock breakage is the premise for new cutters. Moreover, rock initial flaws and cracks are locations for stress concentration, and play an important role for further fracturing and damage by coalescence and propagation. In brittle fracture mechanics, stress intensity factor and critical fracture toughness are the most fundamental parameters used for determining fracture propagation, energy release rate, and crack extension driving forces. Typical brittle fracture in rock is characterized by compressive or tensile tests, and post-failure behavior can be explained as the brittleness index for rock. However, under cyclic loading, the fatigue life of rock depends upon both frequency and amplitude of the cyclic loading [6-8]. Crack tip characteristic parameters are generally governed by the crack tip stress components and displacement functions to determine crack propagation analysis. The critical fracture toughness can be obtained experimentally according to the suggested methods of International Society for Rock Mechanics (ISRM) in a different ways that listed and compared in Table 1.
Abstract Shale gas exploitation initiated in North America has rapidly extended worldwide. Hydraulic fracturing is an emerging field technique for stimulating the gas reservoir. The study of cracking processes, particularly crack coalescence, is vital for a successful hydraulic fracturing to enhance the gas exploitation. Experimental studies have observed that the size effects of the constituent particles are significant on the cracking behavior of the rock specimens. To further investigate the size effects, the bonded-particle model (BPM), which is based on the discrete element method (DEM), is adopted in the present research. In flaw-containing specimens, by varying the crack resolution (Ψ= a/2R), which is the ratio of half flaw length (a) to particle size (2R), the size effects on cracking behavior under compressive loading are studied. By keeping the flaw length constant, the particle size is varied independently in the BPM analysis. Decreasing the crack resolution increases the first crack initiation stress, but it has no obvious effects on the uniaxial compressive strength. The trajectories of the first cracks and secondary cracks hence generated have a higher resolution and are well-defined in those specimens possessing a higher crack resolution. On the contrary, in lower crack resolution specimens, the macroscopic first cracks appear to be wider and less continuous. These findings from numerical simulation clearly demonstrate particle size effects on cracking behavior. Special attention should be paid to these effects in future numerical study using the bonded particle model. Introduction Shale gas exploitation initiated in North America has rapidly extended worldwide. Hydraulic fracturing is an emerging field technique for stimulating the gas reservoir. The study of cracking processes, particularly crack coalescence, is vital for a successful hydraulic fracturing to enhance the gas exploitation. Different cracking processes are observed in marble and gypsum, which possess different grain sizes (Wong & Einstein, 2009a, 2009b; Wong, 2008). To further investigate such effect, the bonded-particle model (BPM) is adopted in the present research. The BPM, which is one of the DEM-based particle models, has been widely used for rock simulations (Cho, Martin, & Sego, 2007; Hazzard, Young, & Maxwell, 2000; Potyondy & Cundall, 2004) since the particle assembly approach was initially developed by Cundall (1971) and Cundall & Strack (1979). Recently, a time-dependent bond breakage model (Wu, Zhu, & Zhu, 2011), synthetic rock mass approaches (Bahaaddini, Sharrock, & Hebblewhite, 2011; Mas Ivars, Pierce, DeGagné, & Darcel, 2008; Thompson, Mas Ivars, Alassi, & Pradhan, 2011), as well as flat-jointed BPM (Potyondy, 2012) have been developed and used for engineering applications. However, some basic cracking phenomena are not yet fully understood for BPM, such as the effect of particle size on cracking processes. This paper will analyze and discuss this effect.
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